British Airways Swot Analysis Essay

Introduction The growing competency in the airline industry is also subjected in the different economic uncertainties. Due to the high risks in the globalization, the confidence of the business leaders is lowered. This can be caused by the different constraints and challenges that create a great impact in the industry. The recession in most of the developed and successful countries is difficult to assess and the recovering period is not in sight. British Airways stays in the top of the competition and continuously providing the basic services that a world-class airway can offer. However, the influence or the impact of the various economic uncertainties creates a great challenge in the organization. From the different perspective on competition of the propellers, the marketing environment of the organization is bound to change which results in an analysis of the organization’s economic factors. The British Airways expects that due to the tope of the economic challenges, the organization should stay competitive in the industry. Therefore, different theoretical aspects are created in the study to support the aim of the organization in fulfilling their dreams for success. SWOT Analysis British Airways is one of the largest service industries that well managed the operation with an interesting collaboration with the technological innovations. The aim of the organization is to increase the number of customers through delivering the quality of service and satisfaction. Albeit bothered with the challenges in the nature of their business, the airway is still committed to serve in a very ideal way for safety travel. Strengths The most basic strength of the British Airways (BA) that served the entire organization for years is to deliver an adequate solution for travelers in a most safety and satisfying way (Chan, 2000). Aside from the use of various marketing strategies on the world-wide web, the airline marketing and service are performed by most of the females. Prior to the equal labor for both genders, it is considered as the strength of the organization for most of the females are trained to speak in various dialects. It is an advantage for the airways to accommodate various races and at the same time, commit itself to deliver the equal rights in terms of labor (Whitelegg, 2002). Weaknesses The world-wide marketing answer of the BA is entirely prioritizing most of the demands of the clients. But in their strategy in a low cost-ticket can be risky in a long run of the business. Offering the low prices for tickets may not appear harmful in the business but definitely, if the business has greater expenditure over the revenues, there will experience drastic losses (Binggeli and Pompeo, 2002). The creation of the low-cost carriers can weaken the services of some areas because the allotted budget will not satisfy the proposed use of service (Berry, Carnall, and Spiller, 2006). Opportunity The organization’s idea about â€Å"managing the people first† is a tremendous opportunity for their employees. The leaders can create a department wherein most of the people can concentrate on the various marketing strategies such as promotions to enhance the competitiveness of the organization in the industry (Gowler, Ledge, and Clegg, 1993). Another opportunity that the organization may find is their advantage in the use of the quality technologies. Through the innovative ways of the management, the organization can rely on their information systems wherein the strategic marketing and related works can be performed. Through the use of the Internet, the customers can experience the efficiency in online booking and can facilitate the continuous growth of the organization. Threats One major contribution of the BA threats is the increased competition among the airline industry. Through the different competitions, there is a vast option for the customers and most of them choose the best price and service that is fit on their budgets. Through the development of the different explorations, there is a view for the merger and acquisitions (Culpan, 2002). The alliance in the airlines is popular in which the strategies are bind together and the sole action of the organization is limited. Conclusion The British Airways should learn the appropriate on the presented analysis to avoid the drastic changes in their business’s performance. The strategy of the organization to deliver the right service on their customers is a great  advantage because they are aiming for the customer’s satisfaction. But the organization should provide additional strategy to avoid the possible losses. With the appropriate collaboration of the marketing strategies, the BA can create more room of opportunities and strengths that can deliver the entire organization into a great success. References: Berry, S., Carnall, M., & Spiller, P., (2006) â€Å"Airline Hubs: Costs, Mark-ups and the Implications of Customer Heterogeneity’ in Lee, D. (ed)†, Advances in Airline Economics, vol. 1, Competition Policy and Antitrust, Elsevier, Cambridge, USA. Binggeli, U., & Pompeo, L., (2002) â€Å"Hype Hopes for Europe’s Low-Cost Airlines: Europe’s Most Successful No-Frills Carrier Are Making a Lot of Money. But as They Mature, They Will Have Problems Expanding†, The McKinsey Quarterly. Chan, D., (2000) â€Å"The Development of the Airline Industry from 1978 to 1998: A Strategic Global Overview†, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 19, No. 6. Culpan, R., (2002) â€Å"Global Business Alliances: Theory and Practice†, Quorum Books, Westport, CT Gowler, D., Ledgge, K., & Clegg, C., (1993) â€Å"Culture and Commitment: British Airways by Heather Hopfl’ Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management†. London: Paul Chapman Publi shing Whitelegg, D., (2002) â€Å"Cabin Pressure: The Dialectics of Emotional Labor in the Airline Industry†, The Journal of Transport History, Vol. 23, No. 1 Read more: http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/03/an-analysis-of-british-airways-marketing-environment.html#ixzz14VGZrJmz

Communication Accommodation Theory

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) states that people adjust their communication to others due to various reasons: seek for listener’s approval, maintain positive social identity and wanting to achieve communication efficiency. According to Giles, people accommodate their speeches and behaviors more to the people they found attracted to and who have more similar beliefs and attitudes with them. Giles suggested that people use perception and evalution in conversations, which means people observe and interpret message before they decide how to act in a conversation.Moreover, people who has a lower social status is often more likely to accommodate to and guided by people who are from higher social status. People also perform their behaviors according to norms and appropriateness, where they try to reach the expectations of behaviors in conversations. CAT suggests several ways when people adapt during conversations: convergence, divergence and overaccommodation. People may a djust themselves in order to highlight similar behaviors to others or distinguish themselves from others.Convergence is a strategy used to adapt another’s behaviors. Usually people converge toward stereotypes. Divergence is used to emphasize differences between communicators. It is a way to maintain one’s social identity and power status. Overaccommodation means to overdo in regulating to others even acting from good intentions. What Giles suggested in the theory is more than only showing us the reason we accommodate or Not accommodate to others in conversations. People use these tactics in order to maintain their social identities and statuses.It is especially important to minorities, whom are always expected to adjust to the mainstream. This theory make them realize what they have been doing unconsciously and what created unjustice in society. Another phenomenon that the theory has suggested is that people sometimes over-accommodate in order to fit in a group. People try to be someone who they are not even partly similar. Learning this theory might allow them to realize it might not be a good idea to overly adjust. Communication accommodation theory Theory Theory of Communication Accommodation Keenness State university Melinda Sykes Communication Accommodation Theory 2 Introduction Verbal behavior is an active lifestyle that individuals use to convey messages. This are of communication involves a multitude of approaches, both In a behavioral sense but also a social psychological approach. Our behavior alters our environment with or without our permission. Therefore, speech is an integral part of the communication accommodation theory because pitch. Illume. Tone and many others s said to cause a shift in ones behavior. In 1987, Giles & Wingman explained communication accommodation as a theory that examines underlying motivations and consequences of shifts In verbal behavior. This theory attempts to explain why people accommodate or adjust to another's speech and the need to gain approval or maintain social identity with whom they are speaking with. The theory assumptions are that perceptions of another's speech help Individuals t o evaluate and behave towards that person.The purpose of this paper Is to discuss the development of the theory by reviewing research tested and or extending the theory. More Importantly, the paper will develop an overall evaluation of the theory strength's, weakness and heuristic potential. Both speech convergence and divergence, they magnify the movement toward or away from the speech style of the other. And determine that it is ultimately motivated by an assumption about the other's speech (Giles, Mullah, Abroad, & Johnson, 1987).These strategies give great reference and understanding of the accommodation principle in communication. Communication Accommodation Theory 3 Convergence and divergence are strategies that give light on the reasons why individuals adapt to one another's speech rate. Convergence indicates that â€Å"individuals adapt to each other by slowing down or speeding up speech rate, lengthening or shortening pauses and utterances, and using certain forms of polit eness, tag questions and verbal intensifiers in their speech† (Infants, Rancher, & woman, 2003).Divergence refers to the way speakers accentuate vocal and linguistic differences to underscore social differences between speakers (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Though the strategies differ linguistically they are the same in concept. They are unconnected in the sense â€Å"the strength of a single response may be, and usually is a function of more than one variable and a single variable usually affects more than one response† (B. F. Skinner, 1957). Street and Giles assumed that divergence is generally used when others are members of undesirable groups or hold distasteful attitudes (1982). Ultimately, we converge with others in interaction if they are powerful and we want to be like them. We diverge from others in interaction if it is important for us to highlight a separate and distinct identity' (Miller, 2005). Over time, researchers have examined the area of gender a nd communication. The research has lead to an understanding that individuals classify according to gender orientation rather than biological sex (Virginia Wheelers, 1984). The research uncovered that feminine and undifferentiated individuals were more accommodating than masculine.The research runs along the same parallel that â€Å"feminine language† is viewed as more considerate cooperative, helpful and submissive (Stewart, Stewart, Cooper, & Friendly, 1996). This issue is heuristic in the sense is has brought about the research of sound play. Communication Accommodation Theory 4 Bambini B. Speechifies, author and scientist researched sound play and described it as vocal/verbal activity of a single speaker, more importantly used between young children and mothers (Ochs & Sheffield, 1983).In these exchanges, children pay attention to the phonological shape of one another's utterances and repeat or modify slightly a sequence of sounds Just produced. The study has been reported in a number of different cultures. Speech convergence is expressed during sound play. The approval of the mother or the child's adjustment gains satisfaction for one another. These results suggest that similarity in speech and tone influence perceptions of a relationship and gains overall approval. The study observed the use of sound play, convergence and divergence in the workplace as well.The method was simple observation through the use of office cameras and role play. The purpose was to observe the amount of times the three strategies mentioned above were used and by what gender. The results of the study results of women showing convergence almost in all cases that presented themselves. Their speech in terms of pitch, volume and tone were all demonstrations that ran insistent with the implied hypotheses. The women showed signs of being more considerate, understanding and submissive.Their tone and volume were reported to be lower and seemed more empathetic to whom they were spea king with. While the men seemed very consistent with their regular speaking tones in the midst of adversity or casual conversation. More actions of divergence were shown by the male participants. Communication Accommodation Theory 5 Instances were numerous on the part of correcting others verbal expressions and used more extensive Jargon in the workplace. Research has found that stereotypes continue to show the relevance and authenticity of the convergence and divergence strategies.For example, blind persons report individuals who communicate with them tend to shout or exaggerate behaviors unrelated to their ability to see. Nurses use â€Å"baby talk† to the institutionalized elderly, regardless of the individual's capabilities (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Another example would be the tendency of individuals to yell or express exaggerated movements to persons who cannot hear. Research has been evaluated with gender playing a role in speech convergence and divergence. So ciety as given norms that inhibit the expectancy of speech from women and men.Even women's speech exhibits marked differences compared to the speech of men, provided that women use more polite expressions and seem to adopt standard forms, while the latter tend to exercise their â€Å"right† to do as they see fit (Miller, 2005). Society norms have provided the benefit of men using divergence and women more commonly using convergence to gain approval for satisfaction. As Robin Alaska once said, â€Å"women collude in their own subordination by the way they speak. † Speech divergence in the use of metaphors in literature, in that the message used in his kind of form is accessible only to those who are conversant with the code.In this way, members of certain groups or communities can hold up walls. On one hand, exclude the ones who cannot penetrate the mind of the speaker or the writer, but on the other, help cultivate intimacy and a sense of community. Communication Accom modation Theory 6 Communication accommodation theory is a very practical and easy to understand concept. For the reason, we all have experienced the convergence and divergence experience. Either, we were the initiator or the responder. The theory illustrates its opportunity to be tested and observed to gain further extensive research.With test having been conducted and both positive and negative feedback reported, both are good for a theory. It shows legitimacy that the theory is Just that but it also shows some relevance and true findings for the theory. This being said it makes the theory heuristic. Further research, observations, testing and extensions can be produced from this theory. In addition, the theory meets the scientific standards of explanation of the result, â€Å"twin objectives of scientific knowledge† (Griffin, 1991, p. 34). It maintains a simplistic concept and is easy to understand.Having a theory that is testable and leaves room for growth and further expa nsion puts it in the category of credible, substantial theories. A weakness in the communication accommodation theory is that it leaves many questions unanswered. Questions such as the long term changes in behavior and where to draw the line of empathy and the theory are where the theory can be unclear (Infants, Rancher & Hammock, 2005). In order for individuals to understand the difference between the accommodation theory and empathy, they would have to eave the same definition and perception of what empathy is. Communication Accommodation Theory CAT- American History X In this paper, I will use CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory) to explain how convergence, divergence, and intergroup contact are illustrated within the film American History X. Convergence in CAT refers to the accommodativeness, the process concerned with how we both reduce and magnify communication differences between people in interaction. Talking about convergence, people tend to enhance interpersonal similarities and reduce uncertainties. The effect of converging towards or approximately to another can increase liking and enable him or her to be seen more competent and credible.It includes switching to the other’s language or dialect, or assuming the same level of the other’s interruptions, speech rate, posture and so forth. When engaging conversation, if the individuals or in-group identity is viewed more than the out-group identity, there will be convergence and higher communication relational satisfaction. In the film American History X, there are several examples help to illustrate the concept of convergence: Firstly, the attitude and the way of thinking towards Derek are influence by his father who is being murdered and killed by two black people during his duty as a firefighter.In one of the flashbacks in the film, Derek’s family gathered around at the dinner table, Derek mentions his black teachers, Bob Sweeney, who assigned the class to read a book which is written by an African American author. Derek’s father disapproval the book because he is personally having dissatisfaction about his job with two black people got approved to his team. He explains the facts of how the black people in their society and neibourhood would threaten their life and verbally assume Derek is supporting his point of view. All these influences Derek after his father died.He starts to believe that the problems of the society is all race related. Started from that point, Derek strongly stereotypes his ethnic identity b ecause of his father’s prejudices towards the minorities in his society and the reason for his father’s death. His convergence mixed with stereotyping leads to over accommodation which is viewed as disrespectful to his whole family both verbally and nonverbally. Second example of convergence is another flashback in the movie. Derek along with his brother Daniel and girlfriend Stacey gathered a large group of white racism gangs in the parking lot.Derek was having a speech to the whole group about the new immigration and unfairness about the distribution on the resources towards whites and other ethics. After the speech, they destroyed a market which the owner is an Asian. They almost broke everything in the store and beaten up the people inside. The whole actions show that the group of white gangs is trying to show their strong social power to those who has lower power in the society. Besides, the group of white gangs tends to converge to signal their common ethnic and social identities.In another flashback scene, when Derek was in the prison, he tried to find the group who has the similarity with him base on the tattoo on his body. He lay down and worked out in the area where the others ethic prisoners were staying and he threaten them away. Finally he found the group and he is one of the in-group members. Here Derek tends to converge as he wants to gain approval by a group of people with similarity in the prison. He also wants to develop a closer relationship with the other members in his in-group that he didn’t meet before.After three years, Derek gets released from the prison. Daniel’s appearance changes to a younger version of Derek, with shaved headed and tattoo. Derek seems to be frustrated about the tattoo on Daniel’s arm as he thought it would be a bad idea for Daniel to follow his steps and get involved all those racism stuffs. But Daniel says â€Å"I thought you would like it! † Daniel tends to converge to ga in approval and trust from his brother, he tends to develop a closer relationship with him as long as he thought they are sharing the common social identities.Divergence in CAT refers to non-accommodativeness, to magnify the communicative differences. Divergence occurs when individuals desire to represent their in-group identity above others desire. It serves as a distinction to preserve dialect or vocabulary. Members of different ethnic groups often accentuate their identities by diverging from one another both verbally and nonverbally. Divergence can be particularly intense if people feel their identity is threatened and that the other group has historically and illegitimately discriminated against them.If a person accommodates an out-group member in this situations, that person is named as cultural traitor. If the out-group identity is more noticeable than the in-group or individual identity, there will be divergence less satisfaction. Here are some examples help to illustrate th e concept of divergence: When Derek was in the prison, he found his in-group member. Everything is going well till one day Derek find out one of the prisoner in-group member trade with a Mexican American ethic group member. He is disappointed and had never acknowledged the possibility of his in-group member could do wrong.He shows his disapproval towards that member’s action nonverbally and walked away. In the next few days, Derek reveals to sit with his in-group for meals and he didn’t show any respect to his in-group. He started to play basketball with the other out-groups instead of gather with his in-group. By then, he offended the group’s leader of his own in-group and they turned on him and gang raped him in the shower. At first, Derek diverges from his in-group due to the actions of the member trading with the other out-group member. He thinks that is no different with cultural traitor.Then his in-group members disapproval towards his demeanor, the gang r aped accident happened to increasing the divergence. When he was attacked by those he once considered members of his in-group, Derek makes up his mind to leave the group after that as he thinks his social identity is being raped out because he had believed that could only be perpetrated by out-groups. After Derek is released from the prison, he went back to the party held by Cameron, who used to convince Derek to lead several violent acts. He starts off a fight with him due with the issue about his brother Daniel.Derek blames Cameron is the one who giving them so much trouble and asked Cameron to leave them alone. Derek tends to diverge from his in-group to signal his disapproval towards Cameron’s actions and demeanors. He thinks Cameron is trying to put Daniel into hardship like him. Derek broke up with his girlfriend Stacey in that same party. Derek was trying to tell Stacey to leave the group with him together, but Stacey disagree as she thought Derek is in a popular posit ion at that time and she personally doesn’t think there is any problem with the group. They turn out to be enemy.They tend to diverge to signal relational dissatisfaction, Stacey think Derek changes a lot after he gets out from the prison and she thinks he loses his reputation because of what he did to her. In one of the flashbacks in the film, Derek’s family was gathering around with a Jewish man at the dinner table. They talked about the revolution which an Asian market was being destroyed, happened before when Derek, Daniel and Stacey were involved. The Jewish man has different point of view toward the whole racism activity with three of them. Derek started the get mad in the middle of the meal.He thinks that the Jewish man is trying to get sexual benefit from his mother and he is a hater for Derek. Derek rudely asked him to get out of the house and never step into his house again. Derek tends to diverge as he wants to signal the relational dissatisfaction towards h is mother and the Jewish also he wants to disapprove toward his actions in his house, being a hater for Derek. Intergroup contact theory indicates the perceptions of an out-group will change consistent with the perceptions one holds regarding a relationship one has with a member of that out-group.Intergroup communication also maximized the presence of their group and will sometimes leads to a dissatisfied relationship. Here are some examples from American History X helps to explain the intergroup contact theory: During the work in the prison, Derek was assigned to work with an African American man who named Lamont. At first Derek refused to talk to him because of his strong stereotyping but Lamont was always trying to challenge Derek’s deep-set stereotypes. Most of the time for Lamont, it is more likely a one-side conversation.Lamont worked around with Derek’s racist attitude by talking about some common interests for example women and the reason they are in prison. Al ong with the conflicts happened between Derek with his in-group, Derek realizes that those of the other ethnicities were much more like himself than he had imagined before. They become friends afterwards and on the day that Derek got released, they met each other and Derek says to Lamont â€Å"I think part of the reason that I could get out is because of you. † Derek feels thankful to him. His strong stereotyping is lost.Another example is after Derek was being raped by his in-group member; Derek was helpless and feels utterly alone. He lost his cultural identity to cling to and is not belongs to any of the groups. While he was staying in the medical room, his former African American English teacher, Bob Sweeny, came to visit him. Derek seeks helps from him. Bob was willing to help him and he helped him to see how his actions have affected his younger brother Daniel. These two examples show that Derek has changed his attitude towards an out-group after he tried to communicate with them. Stereotyping also reduces for Derek.He tends to have a positively relationship with the out-groups which is the aims of intergroup contact theory. American History X does not only explain the convergence, divergence and intergroup contact theory in CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory), but it also explains more theories in interpersonal and intercultural communication. Convergence, divergence and intergroup are all related to the communication between an in-group and out-group. The film helps to illustrate some facts that also happening in the real life that we have to face and most of the time, the way that we could deal with them is by communication.

Bible Essay Example for Free

Bible Essay Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA There are many accounts in the Bible that state God as the creator. Genesis 1 and 2 are both creation stories but slightly differ in their accounts; Genesis 1 is a day by day account of all the things God created in not so much detail whereas Genesis 2 explains the creation story in a way that focuses more on the creation of man and woman than just the lands. Having two accounts of the creation story means that it is easier to come up with your own conclusion as to how the earth was created. The first line of Genesis 1 is â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† There is no explanation as to where God came from or why He is there, He just exists and creates the heavens and the earth. This alone is showing God as the creator. Genesis then carries on to state all the things God created all with no scientific or physical proof or evidence as to why and how God is doing so. â€Å"So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them† This quote is from line 27 and is on the 6th day. The repetition of the word ‘created’ is enforcing to the reader that God is the creator of everything and this is done so that there is no doubt in the readers mind whether God is the creator or not. God creating man and woman in his own image is showing that we are superior to other beings such as animals which shows that God is the humans superior. Being made in Gods image is his way of blessing the humans in life as we are made in the ‘Creators’ image. â€Å"Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote is saying that God is passing down his ‘ruler ship’ on to the humans. This means that God is starting to ‘back away’ from his previous role and now feels that he has created a world that the inhabitants (humans) can look after. Genesis two is another creation story but has a few differences to Genesis 1. While Genesis 1 speaks a lot more of the specifics of how and when each part of the earth was made, Genesis 2 speaks a whole lot more about the creation of humans rather than the land. The most time that the creation of land is mentioned is at the beginning of Genesis 2. â€Å"This is the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created. When the LORD God made the earth and the heavens-â€Å" This is the first thing said in Genesis 2 and it is stating that God is the creator. It says that God created both the heavens and the earth; there is never any question or vagueness about God creating the heavens and the earth it is all very matter of fact. Although Genesis 2 doesn’t always speak of God ‘creating’ things it often personifies God in such a way that he is planting or making objects. â€Å"And the LORD God made all kinds of trees grow out of the ground-â€Å" This quote doesn’t say that God created the trees but made them grow from the ground, this is essentially saying that He created them as it was the first sighting of trees but is said in a different way as so not to force the ‘creation’ down your throat like Genesis 1 does. This is so that you can come to your own conclusion about which one is more plausible or correct but there is still no doubt as to god being the creator. Job 38 from the Book of Job is a story of how Satan and God have a disagreement where Satan was saying that Job only worships God because he is prosperous in his life, God then agrees to take away all his possessions and leave him with nothing to show Satan that Job would still worship him even if he was left with nothing. Job’s three friends Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar try to comfort Job but they end up doing the opposite and tell Job that the reason for all his losses is because he has sinned and now God is making him suffer. In the end Job has had enough and questions God, this makes God angry and then Job has a better understanding and realises that he should have trusted God all along. God then returns all of Jobs health and possession in better amounts than they previously were. This story is God showing his power and his superiority to humans. â€Å"Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation? † This is God saying that he is mightier than any human and they do not compare to His power. This is also showing that God is omnipotent and that we know nothing compared to him. This is all enforcing that God is the creator and better than all the humans. â€Å"Have you ever given orders to the morning, or shown the dawn it’s place,† This is saying that God has dominance over everything in the world, humans and nature. After Gods account of all his majestic works (such as the world and humans) and power, Job has to acknowledge God’s right as creator to do as he pleases and to not be questioned. Job is essentially the personification of all humans who do not believe god as the creator, Job doubted God and his ability so god became angry; this is supposedly what happens every time someone doubts God. Psalm 8 is a song about the lord God and his creation. â€Å"You have set your glory above the heavens† While this quote form the first verse isn’t directly linked to God being the creator it is saying that God has stated his glory in a way that so far in this psalm we do not know yet, we know that God has glory which could mean he has done something great. â€Å"When I consider the heavens, the work of your fingers† Now we start to work out what it is that causes God to have glory, â€Å"the work of your fingers† we are literally told that God has made the heavens with his ‘fingers’. This personification of God shows that people saw him as one of them but also appreciated his greater power, this could possibly relate to humans being made in God’s image. â€Å"you made him a little lower than the heavenly beings† This quote is, like Job 38, stating God’s dominance over the humans. God made humans a little lower than heavenly beings so that they knew their place and that they were lesser than himself ‘the creator’. Bible. (2018, Oct 23).

MT140 Unit 5 Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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The Shakespearean Theatre Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Employment Law Compliance (Principles and Strategies) Essay - 1

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Winshield Survey Summary And Relection - Essay Example In this way, community partnerships arise in the form of the community members working together with the various health providers in their within for the easier facilitation of betterment of community health (Rohrer, 2010). Participating family’s community and environment (Riverside, Ca) is a superb initiative in the way it eases healthcare awareness and outreach to all community members in the region leading to a healthier community. It is an aspect I would recommend adoption of in every community. Cultural diversity and vulnerable populations within the communities mostly have a sense of alienation both by others and by themselves. Due to this health care providence and services are not as effective in reaching them as the other community members. This may lead to weaker communities thus advocating for outreach programs in their target. There are various aspects of the community that could affect resident health. These range from internal and external conflicts, adverse cultural beliefs and practices that demine conventional health care, cultural diversities leading to segregation of population groups, and population demographics such as overpopulation among others (Rohrer, 2010). This has effect in various ways such as inaccessibility to health facilities and straining on their workload capacities. There are various Healthy People 2020 LHI such as low mortality rates in the community (Rohrer, 2010). This is as a result of reduced health related deaths due to good health care standards. This will lead to a healthier and improved working population. This will enable for development to

Comapre and contrast maslow needs hierarchy and equity theory, also Essay

Comapre and contrast maslow needs hierarchy and equity theory, also evaluate why organizational studies are important in contemp - Essay Example Maslow’s hierarchies of needs starts with physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs and ultimately self-actualization needs (Brown, 2007). According to the theory, the management will motivate the employees through enabling them achieve their needs according to the order. The lower-order needs include safety, social needs and job security while the higher-order needs include recognition, self-esteem and self-actualisation attained through personal and professional growth. On the other hand, equity theory of motivation asserts that employees are motivated if they perceive that they are treated fairly (Knights & Willmott, 2007). Equity theory involves the perceptions of outcomes of performing the duties such as the salary levels, the perceptions of inputs and reference person that enables the employee to compare the outcomes and inputs in order to determine whether the existing job is equitable or inequitable. The employees will respond to perceived in equities by changing the work inputs, changing the situation or demanding more rewards. In this case, overpaid employees will experience feelings of guilt while underpaid employees will experience anger (Brown, 2007). ... ory aims at enabling the management to identity the needs of employees in order to ensure their perceived job outcomes are aligned with the inputs (Knights & Willmott, 2007). Question 2 Organizational studies are important in contemporary business since the competitive edge of the business depends on the quality of people skills, structure, and social relations in the organisation (Smith, 1992). The studies examine how individuals and groups within the organisation construct processes and structures and how these structures and processes ultimately motivate employees towards high achievement. Organizational studies identify managerial and leadership approaches that fosters interpersonal relationships and contribute to high job satisfaction in the workplace (Brown, 2007). These studies enable business managers to articulate the mission, shared vision and strategy to the employees in all communications (Martin, 2001). Contemporary business environment is characterized by frequent chang es in external environment variables such as new technologies, new legislations and shifts in consumption patterns thus organizational studies will enable the managers to align their business vision and strategy to these changes. In this case, managers will be capable of collecting market intelligence information and outlining competitive strategies that aim at attaining the overall business vision (Cole, 2004). Accordingly, the studies will motivate employees through ensuring proper leadership styles that aim at ensuring team work and improving the individual employee performance (Smith, 1992). In this case, modern business must implement transformational leadership practices that consider the unique needs of each employee and that aim at inspiring the efforts of employees towards

With reference to at least two areas of cognitive development, Essay

With reference to at least two areas of cognitive development, critically assess the role that culture plays in development - Essay Example The human race is one of the most intelligent life forms which more or less follows certain uniform tenets of life all over the world but cannot escape the colour imparted by various factors which lend them unique identities which are easily discernible. Thus we can easily differentiate human populations on the basis of an already established classification of Caucasians, Mongols, Latinas, Afros, Asians, etc. All continents and their constituent countries harbour unique cultures which exert a strong influence on the cognitive development of people born and brought up in a particular location. Religion is a creation of the human psyche and exerts a heavy influence on the cultural practices and development of the overall personality of an individual belonging to a particular sect or congregation. This is the reason why diverse faiths have developed in different geographical locales where the local intelligentsia have formed their own concepts and notions of God and created a society which has to adhere to the locally established concepts, norms and way of life in general. There are others who have totally disregarded the existence of God and lead their life according to a set of social, cultural and economic norms which they find essential for a fruitful and sustainable life pattern. Cognitive development of the animal begins from birth itself when a new born becomes aware of its senses of vision, touch, smell, pain and hunger. Other developments are dependent on the species and its limitations. Primitive animals like insects, ants, fish, amphibians, etc. have predefined instinctive impulses which they follow like clockwork till the culmination of life. Semi intelligent and more intelligent animal forms like dogs, cats, lions, dolphins, whales and sub-human primates have a relatively high degree of intelligence which guides their life pattern wherein they are capable of making choices as

The Rise Of The Improvised Exposive Devise Essay Example for Free

The Rise Of The Improvised Exposive Devise Essay Improvised explosive devices, better known as IEDs, are makeshift bombs usually made of materials like nails and ball bearing first used in guerilla warfare during the World War II. (Crystal, 2007)   IEDs have long since evolved and now, IED builders can improvise on the materials used.   As a result, the devices have become more unique in nature, thus making it harder to track down. In addition, according to Army Gen. John Abizaid, commander of all US forces in the Middle East, â€Å"IEDs have become the enemy’s perfect weapon – they are cheap, effective, and anonymous. †Ã‚   (Knickerbocker, 2007, p.1)     As a result, incidents involving IEDs have surged dramatically and now pose a real threat to the community.   Despite government efforts to curtail IED activity, insurgents are still able to find ways to build and detonate their IED made bombs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IED bombings have been on the headlines in the past but currently, it can be seen almost constantly.   The number of IED incidents keeps on steadily escalating and therefore resulting to thousands and thousands of casualties.   This problem not only plagues war ravaged countries but also countries in peace who are caught in between.   First seen in the World Trade Center attack in 1993 and the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, IED use have increased as proven by the Madrid and London transit bombings in 2004 and 2005.   Another case was the war in Iraq.   According to Atkinson (2007): In Iraq, from the former number of 50 IED bombing incidents per day, the number of bombings has now reached an astonishing number of 100 per day.   Since that first fatal detonation of what is now known as an improvised explosive device, more than 81,000 IED attacks have occurred, according to U.S. military sources. (p. A1) A total of 3,837 US soldiers also have died and 27,753 were wounded from the Iraq bombings. (Casualty Counts, 2007)   Figures include every casualty who died ever since the war in Iraq started.   Majority were killed through IED bombings.   It should be noted however that the figures only consist of US soldiers and still not include non-military casualties and the members of non-coalition countries.   From these, it could be said that there is indeed a real threat in the form of IED bombings.   This definitely calls for action on the part of the US government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The government has been slow in its response to the IED bombing incidents – that’s what some lawmakers and journalists say.   Even Michael Chertoff, Homeland Security Secretary admits to this in his department’s statement â€Å"National efforts lack strategic guidance, are sometimes insufficiently coordinated, and lack essential resources.†(Hsu and Sheridan, 2007, p. A01) Nonetheless, years after being accused of its slow response, the US government has now allocated a $196.4 billion fund for the Global War on Terror. (2008 Funding Request, 2007)   The government’s approach has been a holistic one.   They appropriated designated amounts for armor, training, and weapons to counter IEDs. The Homeland Security also made its moves to help in the government’s mission to lessen IED incidents.  Ã‚   They set up an Office for Bombing prevention which was tasked to take charge of working with both internal and external agencies to tackle possible IED threats. A system named TRIPwire was also established to share information regarding IEDs such as latest tactics, techniques and procedures over a network by bomb squad technicians, intelligence analysts, and state and local law enforcement. (Chertoff, 2007)   In addition, continuous research is being done as well to develop tools to counter IED blasts.   The Homeland Security also has undertaken increased security measures in key areas like the airport and chemical sites and facilities.   All these are part of intensifying the department’s efforts to curtail the surge of bombing incidents. The US government has spent a considerable amount of money trying to counter IED insurgencies but despite this, the latter can still find ways to counter these efforts.   Several long term issues have been raised.   First, bombs become more complex in their make up as time goes by.   IED bombings started with a simple made bomb that eventually evolved.   Currently, the US military have discovered that a new type of bomb has already been in use starting the summer of 2006.   Infrared bombs are now at large and they are even harder to track since they run on different signals as those detecting tools the military has. (Magnuson, 2006). Hence, countering the former low-technology bombs requires continuous development of high-technology solutions.   This entails millions and millions of dollars to be spent on prevention as opposed to a few dollars an IED builder uses to make his weapon.  Ã‚   Second, as the US spends on developing long terms plans on combating insurgencies, the terrorists are also likewise building on their long term plans.   Extremist groups are now banking on education as a means of furthering their goals. They are using their $50 million funds to send their thousands of new recruits to get a university degree on radio engineering or information technology as opposed to using the funds to amass more weapons.   (Magnuson, 2006)   To date, the insurgent groups have already released a video mocking the attempts of the US government to stop them.   The video, released by a group who named themselves as â€Å"The Islamic State of Iraq† was entitled â€Å"The Fall and Decline of US Technology.† (Osman Martinez, 2007) The IED war indeed has turned into something ugly.   IED use surged during the year of 2004 to 2005 and even up to now, there are still ongoing cases regarding this problem.   The US government tries to counter this but still, insurgents are still able to survive.   Hence, the government should try to intensify its efforts and develop more plans to curb this rising problem.    Reference List 2008 funding request. (2007, October 22). Business Wire. Atkinson, R. (2007, September 30). The single most effective weapon against our deployed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   forces. Washington Post, pp. A1. Chertoff, M. (2007). Preventing IED attacks. Leadership Journal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 26, 2007, from http://www.dhs.gov/journal/leadership/labels/IED.html. Crystal, G. (2007).   What is an IED. Retrieved from October 26, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-ied.htm Hsu, S. Sheridan M. (2007, October 20). IEDs seen as rising threat in the US.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Washington Post, pp. A01. Iraq coalition casualty counts. (2007). Retrieved October 26, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.dhs.gov/journal/leadership/labels/IED.html. Knickerbocker, B. (2007, January 02). Relentless toll to US troops of roadside bombs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Christian Science Monitor, pp. 01. Magnuson, S. (2006, January). Adaptive foe thwarts counter-IED efforts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved October 26, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2006/jan/adaptive_foe.htm Osman H. Martinez, L. (2007, March 06). Insurgents in Iraq claim they can beat US   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   anti-IED technology.   Retrieved October 26, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/03/insurgents_in_i.html

Forrest Gump: Marxist and Feminist Analysis

Forrest Gump: Marxist and Feminist Analysis In the 1990s, Paramount Studio produced some box-office hits and one of which, Forrest Gump, is a huge triumph that won the Oscar for Best Picture for 1994 and gained over $677 million dollars of box office throughout the world. The film is based upon the novel by Winston groom and directed by Robert Zemeckis; it portrays the leading role Forrest Gump (played by Tom Hanks), who is a normal American guy, with an IQ of 75 so called as idiot, but successfully getting through his bittersweet childhood, brilliant football career at collage, and brave performance in the army as well as a fortune in his shrimping business. Forrests story truly inspires the entire American with his significant achievements and positive attitudes towards life; in addition, the film reveals a history of America over the past decades in which take numerous historic events, representing the eventual American dream in a land of opportunity. Forrest Gump is wholly masculine film and Forrest Gump is no doubt the protagonist, two important females, his mother Mrs. Gump and his best girl friend ever Jenny, however do present their thoughtful images in the film, making a great impact on Forrests interior world and life. Accordingly, this article would like to concentrate on the above-mentioned women and explore how they influence Forrest with their unique characters and values. Furthermore, a deeper level of examination linked to patriarchal myths and values in social context will be also proposed to demonstrate the status of the 1990s American society. With the intention of arguing these points, some film theories should be certainly applied to the narrative in Forrest Gump. It has been predominant since the 1970s that film critics and scholars have turned from semiotics to psychoanalytical notions that been broadly utilized into the film analysis. Consequently, it is crucial indeed to employ these methods into this article, theoretically addressing feminist debates in terms of the texts in Forrest Gump. Furthermore, it can see through how the hegemony is constructed in a patriarchal society in relation to feminism by the analysis within Marxism discourse. Representations of Women in Forrest Gump The two females are depicted in the film: one is Forrests mother Mrs. Gump (by Sally Field), who makes great contribution to Forrests life; the other one is Jenny Curran (by Robin Wright), as Forrest says about her: she was my most special friend, my only friend. In general, these two females can be identified as stereotypical representations of women with their social, cultural and sexual definition, extremely influencing Forrest into another representation of men in a patriarchal society as Hollows, Hutchings and Jancovich (2000, P230.) states that It is a historical fact that women have formed an important part of the audience for commercial entertainment films. Mrs. Gump appears to be a single mother of Forrest. According to how Forrest values his mum, she is a very smart lady, responsible, brave, and independent. She is good at managing her property inherited from her family, renting all the empty rooms to make a living. Regardless Forrests low IQ, Mrs. Gump still insists on her sons attending public school rather than a special school as she says that my boy Forrest is going to get the same opportunities as everyone else; She tells Forrest that stupid is as stupid does, encouraging Forrest growing up to a normal and confident person. On the other hand, she really understands that life is full of ups and downs, giving Forrest lessons such as life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what youre gonna get. To Forrest, Momma is always an excellent model he learns from. Even though she is dying, Mrs. Gump calmly says to her son its just my time Dont be afraid, death is just a part of life. Its something were all destined to do. I didn t know it, but I was destined to be your momma. I did best I could. Generally, the character of Mrs. Gump is a strong and independent female presence. However, her existence is more than for herself; viewing all the way through Forrests story, Mrs. Gump becomes a signifier of independence which can be seen as answering to male desires and anxieties. Claire Johnston (2000), one of the first film critics to recognize the film text as a semiotic sign system, develops Barthesian semiotic point of view into her feminist inventions that the woman exists as a structure in the text of classical Hollywood films:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Iconography as a specific kind of sign or cluster of signs based on certain conventions within the Hollywood genres has been partly responsible for the stereotyping of women within the commercial cinema in general, but the fact that there is a far greater differentiation of mens roles than of womens roles in the history of the cinema relates to sexist ideology itself, and the basic opposition which places man inside history, and woman as ahistoric and eternal. (2000: 23) In this respect, Mrs. Gump is a sign being considered as a structure or a convention. Whatever Forrest recalls his mother, for example, he always starts with words like Momma always said this or Momma always said that, which emphasis his mothers huge influence on him. The mothers amazing characteristics of perseverance, independence and kindness are taken by Forrest who can overcome any difficulties through his life. It proves a system of exchange in classical films that the representation of women as the ideological meaning is for men rather than women. Hence, as Cook and Johnston (1990) argues: The male protagonists castration fears, his search for self-knowledge all converge on woman: it is in her that he is finally faced with the recognition of lack. Woman is therefore the locus of emptiness: she is a sign which is defined negatively: something that is missing which must be located so that the narcissistic aim of the male protagonist can be achieved. Besides, Jenny presents her distinct aspect of the representation of women in Forrest Gump, who is depicted as an extremely confused character. She spends most of her life finding herself, always expecting that Dear God, make me a bird so I can fly far, far away from here. Young Jenny is abused by her drunken daddy and stays with Forrest just because she is scared of loneliness. After high school, they go to different colleges. In Forrests eyes, Jenny and he are just like peas and carrots since she friendly offers a seat on his first bus to school. However, the film mostly presents the dark, lonely and weak side of Jenny whom is totally unlike strong and independent Mrs. Gump; Jenny makes wrong decisions of being naked model for magazine, singing at a strip club and taking drugs when Forrest sets off his successful life; particularly, a couple of times she wants to suicide. No matter when and where, Forrest always attempts to rescue Jenny out of trouble through her journeys but ends up Jennys running away every time. Jenny is Forrests only love and he really does care about her, trying his best to protect her. Finally, they go together as what Forrest hopes when Jenny decides to settle down and marry Forrest. Mrs. Gump and Jenny play important roles with respect to Forrest but in completely different ways. The semiotic investigation into the myth of women in the film text clarifies the women as a structure and how they works as a signifier of ideology. Psychoanalysis Concepts and Spectatorship Issues Apart from theoretically examining the representation of women in Forrest Gump with the help of semiotics discourses, psychoanalytic theory is necessarily to be taken as a critical tool in order to clearly exemplify womens differences from men in terms of lack and castration as well as discuss spectatorship according to Hollywood classical cinema. According to Janet McCabe (2004), Psychoanalytic theory shifted from a semiotic concern with the text, to consider instead the unconscious processes involved in how the spectator is positioned in and through the film text (p.24). In this instance, Freuds and Lacans psychoanalytic approaches significantly contribute to feminist film analysis in terms of studying sexuality concerns within spectating practices. Drawing on Freudian theory regarding scopophilia, voyeurism and fetishism as well as Lacanian mirror phase, in her article Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, Mulvey (1975) establishes her point of male gaze and demonstrates that film is structured according to male fantasies of voyeurism and fetishism. In Forrest Gump, the act of gaze employs a complex relationship between the characters, the audience and spectator. For example, during his childhood just before mum tries to enroll him to the public school, Forrest sits on a swing outside the house at night, hearing the principals grunts from inside the house. Forrest then grunts, imitating when the principal steps out, making him feel embarrassed. It is obvious that Mrs. Gump becomes an object for both the principal and her son to view, however, what reflect from them are varied: for the principal, she is an erotic impact and pleasurable looking; for her son, it seems his first time to recognize his mother does not own her penis but he previously assumes that she should have, so he thinks mothers one must have been castrated. The scene demonstrates Mulveys (1989) debate from a feminist perspective: it clearly conveys how male castration anxiety comes to be projected onto the female form, which is then appropriated as a fetish how w oman is represented adorned with phallic shapes (p 8). In addition, Forrests looking at Jenny throughout her journey displays Mulveys (2000) view of male gaze: woman plays a traditional exhibitionistic role her body is held up as a passive erotic object for the gaze of male spectators, so that they can project their fantasies on to her. For instance, Forrests sitting in the rain at night and staring at her kissing with a boy in the car make him in the position of passive voyeur; his another looking over Jennys breasts while she removes her bra in the dorm room presents Jenny herself as erotic spectacle for Forrest, then his active gaze renders her image into an object of sexual fantasy; before being sent to the War, Forrest comes to the night club, sitting in his seat in the same way as the spectator, watching Jenny and sharing with audience in the cinema his anxious gaze when she is topless, sitting on a stool and playing a guitar on the stage. All these Forrests looking over Jenny at his different occasions seemingly oscillates betwee n voyeurism and fetishistic fascination. Marxist Criticism and Cultural Studies Along with psychoanalytical, feminist and cultural criticism, Marxist criticism is an especial approach to expose a collection of hidden meanings in films rather than discussing representations of women or sexuality from a sociological perspective. According to Marxist theory, the film represents the Repressive State Apparatus as Forrest is going through his life: the assassination attempt on George Wallace, and the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Robert Kennedy; the struggles over civil rights and the war in Vietnam. At this point, Lieutenant Dan (Gary Sinise) initially appears as a strong portrayal in the army with a long, great military tradition, but ends up losing his both legs in the war then being encouraged consistently by Forrests plain ideology, viewers thus see he eventually finds the real meaning of the life with his new mental legs, which convey a positive message towards the ideological issue that all the Americans wonder like Forrest Gump: whats my destiny? Regardless its nature of unspoken yet invisible, ideology generally defines the shared beliefs and values held by a culture, it therefore hugely influences upon the culture with its invisible power. To some extent, ideology forms the manners of people think and things look, which is so called hegemony. In the film, either Mrs. Gump positively disciplines Forrest that life is a box of chocolates or Jenny leaves him a negative advice that if youre ever in trouble, dont try to be brave Just run away, Forrest simply takes them at the unconscious level; nevertheless, running becomes his starting point to success and even leads a large group following behind him. Consequently, whatever the representation of women meaning to this male protagonist in the classical narrative cinema, or how he gains the fantasies of voyeurism and fetishism in light of psychoanalysis, it finally appears to viewers that Forrests story asserts possibility and hope even though difficulties, loneliness, and death, as he says that to put the past behind you and move on. Accordingly, behind the images on screen, Forrest Gump reflects positive values that Americans should hold; the main characters more or less, present these ideological state apparatuses in terms of Marxism criticism. The film not only entertains audience with erotic spectacle and pleasure, also offers its suggestion to audience with regard to the society and culture they are positioned. Marxism and feminism examine film studies individually; these discourses in fact have same desire to challenge the power structures in a patriarchal society. Meanwhile, both of them link to each other on the basis of psychoanalytic notions. Studying the main females of the film with feminism theory is certainly useful to explore the ways in which ideology has though been structured in the cultural context. Conclusion To sum up, Mrs. Gump and Jenny, the two females who relate to the protagonist Forrest Gump, have been mostly examined with the mechanism of feminist discourse in the article. By going through the feminism analysis with their representation and sexuality in the film text and ideological implication in terms of Marxism theory, we can conclude the film, as Comolli and Narboni (2000) state: on the one hand it is a particular product, on the other hand, as a result of being a material product of the system, it is also an ideological product of the system. References Comolli, J. and Narboni, P. (2000) Cinema/ideology/criticism[1971], in in Hollows, J., Hutchings, P. and Jancovich, M. (ed.) The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold Presser. Cook, P and Johnston, C. (1990) The Place of Woman in the Cinema of Raoul Walsh[1974], in Patricia Erens (ed.) Issues in Feminist Film Criticism, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Hollows, J., Hutchings P. and Jancovich, M. (2000), The Film Studies Reader.  London: Arnold Publisher. P 230. Johnston, C. (2000). Womens Cinema as counter-Cinema [1973], in E.A. Kaplan (ed.) Feminism and Film. Oxford: Oxford University Press, P22-23. McCabe, J. (2004). Feminist Film Studies: Writing the Woman into Cinema. London: Wallflower Press. P24. Mulvey, L. (1989). Fears, Fantasies and the Male Unconscious or You Dont Know What is Happening, Do You, Mr. Jones?' [1973], in Visual and Other Pleasures. Basingstoke: Macmillan. P8. Mulvey, L. (2000). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema [1975], in Hollows, J., Hutchings, P. and Jancovich, M. (ed.) The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold Presser. Dongjie Duan

Fingerprinting Kids :: essays research papers

Should parents voluntarily create detailed identification records(including fingerprints) on their children in anticipation of possiblerunaway problems or abductions? (1) Yes. You can never tell when terriblethings will happen to a child, so its best to be prepared. (2) No. Thevast majority of missing children are not abducted. Whether abducted ornot, fingerprinting will do no good. It wastes time and money and pushesus that much closer to the creation of the Orwellian National Data Centerthat Congress rejected fifteen years ago. BACKGROUND: As of early 1983, 11 states had launched programs tofingerprint children.( These were New York, Virginia, Florida, Georgia, NewJersey, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Connecticut,Rhode Island, Kansas, Illinois, and Indiana.) Most of this activity wasstimulated by the passage of the Missing Children Act in October 1982.What the new law did was to legitimize the use of the FBI's nationalcomputer network,the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) fornon-criminal purposes. All of the programs are voluntary. In some cases the policedepartments retain the records, while in others the fingerprint cards areturned over to the parents for safekeeping. The apparent purpose of theprogram is to help provide positive identification to link either children picked up, or bodies recovered, with missing person notices. Every year about 1 million children are reported missing. Of thesemost, about 800,000, are away from home for less than two weeks. About150,000 of the total missing are abducted; of these two thirds are abductedby a divorced parent. Some of the reasons behind the missing children are not pretty.According to an article in Parade, "about 35 percent of runaways leave homebecause of incest, 53 percent because of physical neglect. The rest are"throwaways," children kicked out or simply abandoned by parents who moveaway. Every state has laws against incest, child abuse, abandonment, childpornography and the procuring of children, but they are rarely enforced." POINT: Conscientious parents should have their childrens' fingerprintsrecorded to help in the event of an abduction; they shouldn't wait until aftersomething terrible happens, but should take reasonable steps now. Thousands of children are runaways, and in many cases it is all butimpossible to determine clearly who they really are. People change, butfingerprints don't. Well-intentioned but misguided civil libertarians worryabout Big Brother. But they tend to overlook the obvious benefits of theprogram and concentrate on wildly imaginative fantasies about Big Brother.If they would come down to earth once in a while, and visit with and sharethe anguish of a family of an abducted child, they would quickly changetheir attitudes. Besides, in most cases the police do not keep the records,the parents do. COUNTERPOINT: Absent some showing that the fingerprinting will actuallyhelp keep children safe and help capture criminals who harm or abduct them,parents should refuse to have their children fingerprinted. In promotingthe child fingerprinting program, police officials tend to be vague abouthow the program will

Phoenixs Hardships and Racism in A Worn Path Essay -- Literary Analysi

â€Å"A Worn Path† tells of an elderly and frail black woman and of the hardships that she must overcome. Upon reading the story, you realize that there is more to the story than meets the eye. She faces many roadblocks along her way. Phoenix faces many dangerous obstacles along her way, for a person of her age. She faces racism from some of characters she meets along the way. Phoenix faces inferior treatment, as though she is nothing more than some insect to squash. This story is about not only her ‘journey’ to Natchez, but also about her journey through society and the struggle to overcome the dangers, being treated inferior, and the racism. It’s December when Phoenix starts on her journey to Natchez and it is a journey she has taken many times before. This journey is no journey an elderly and weaken person should have to make by themselves, yet Phoenix does. She does not allow her age or her condition to keep her from it. Deep through the pines, the path takes her, and her first task would be to make it over a hill that seems to take all her energy and strength. â€Å"Seems like there is chains around my feet, time I get this far†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Welty 5), here the reader can tell Phoenix does not have the strength that she really needs to make it up the hill. Yet somewhere she finds the will to keep pushing on and moving forward. This same type of spirit that allows Phoenix to keep pushing forward in society, and not to back down. Showing the younger generation that you have to fight your way through to a brighter day. It is later down the path that Phoenix comes to a creek and the only way to get across, is by walking on a log. Phoenix walks across this log with her eyes close. Once across she opens her eyes and says, â€Å"I wasn’t as old as I ... ...f questions and she answers all of them respectfully and honestly. Phoenix cleverly distracts the man, with the two dogs that are fighting and he goes off to scare the big black one away by shooting at it. It is when he comes back and points his gun at her, that Phoenix shows no fear if it. When she is asked if she is afraid of it, her reply is, â€Å"No sir, I seen plenty go off closer by, in my day, and for less than what I done† (Welty 58). Her unusual courage shows just how far racism stretches. Normally a human being would show fear when staring a gun down, but with years of white people making slaves out of them; black people had learn to face persecution head on. Therefore, Phoenix faced her trial head on, and the white hunter left with a little more respect for her than before. Which in the society she lived in respect was a gift and to be cherished.

Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein :: Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton were both the sons of farmers. Although Einstein lived in Germany and was Jewish while Newton was Catholic or Christian and lived in England. Albert taught himself geometry while Newton’s family couldn’t even read or write yet. As Newton was growing up one of his closest friend was a young man named Edmund Glaley. Isaac and Albert where both living in the 1600 are in this time period. King George was the king at this time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Einstein hated his school and all of the German studies. In 1894 Albert family left him alone in the Army and to finished his studies. At the age of only 15 he had all of his independence. The he found out that his family had moved to Paliva. His dad worked with his dad in a factory. In 1898 Einstein met Molava and it was love at first sight. While Newton was discovering hypothesis and experimenting, so was Albert but he didn’t start until later. In collage Albert was considered lazy and stupid. Newton and Albert practically studied the same thing, but just at different times. Such as light and its colors, motion, science in general, space and the universe, gravity was a really big one. They also studied orbit and calculus. Einstein studied about being a teacher, electricity and how things worked. Newton studied telescopes, light and that the word of god is more important then chemistry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newton was excepted into the “society'; and then he became the head of the “society'; and that was a really big deal back then. He also publishes a book. For Einstein’s future plans he planed on marrying Molava and having children although Einstein traveled all around the world although, he was still able to keep in touch with Molava and her kids. Their names were Liza and the other kids name must have just slipped my mind. He would not have communicated with them and as much he would have liked. He soon got divorced. Then in 1919 he married his cousin named Elssa. He went to see his father one day to tell him the good news his father practically told him that he was a screw up and to go home with his family. He then died that day alone. Newton dressed very sloppily and he rarely went to bed between two and three in the morning, Newton also never married and he got little laughs about that one.

Micro Economics Essay

When external costs are present, the market equilibrium use of natural resources is inefficient because the social benefit is less than the social cost. Positive externalities or external benefits impose a positive effect on the third party. Eg: Vaccinations provide a direct benefit to the patient and a spillover effect to the other people. MMR vaccination is given to patients to prevent them from contracting the disease Source: Business Economics Slides The demand curve (D1) depicts the price patients are willing to spend on the MMR vaccination to receive the benefit of a reduced probability of infection. Supply curve S reflects the quantities of shots suppliers offer for sale at different price levels. An equilibrium point E1 the market fails to achieve an efficient allocation of resources. MMR vaccination has a spillover effect which will benefit society by reducing the likelihood of spreading the diseases. D2 reflects the new demand curve which includes the external benefit to non-consumers with efficient equilibrium E2. At this point suppliers devote greater resources to the immunization avoiding under allocation of resources. Negative externalities or external cost impose a negative effect on the third party. Eg: Offshore drilling in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in severe negative externalities such pollution. Source: Business Economics slides The demand curve D1and supply curve S1 reflect the market equilibrium which is inefficient since it fails to acknowledge the negative externalities produced. The absence of the cost of oil spills in the price of offshore oil means that firms produce more output than socially desirable. Includes the cost of oil spills the equilibrium price rises to P2 and the quantity becomes Q2. E2 reflects the full cost including the environmental cost associated with the activity. (b) Why does a good or service become a public good or service? (2. 5 marks) A product or service that an individual can consume without reducing its availability to another individual which can be collectively consumed from which no one is excluded. National security, sewer systems and public parks are all examples of public goods. Explain why each of the following examples are either public goods or services, or private goods or services? (? mark each correct classification and ? marks for each reason). Item Public/ Private Explanation A privately owned enginerring and material research laboratory undertaking contractual research on weapons development; Private The nature of the organisation being a private entitty which charges a fee for its services and the fact that two critierias of non excludability and non-rivalrous are not satisfied. The quaranteen service; Public Pure public service since it can be collectively consumed and its non excludability making it avaible to every citizen. A toll road originally financed through government debt Semi Public Fee is charged for usage therfore does not satidfy the non excludability criteria, however was financed through the government. Courses offerred by a fee charging privately owned teaching institution that receives some government funding Semi Public Price charged indicates its not acessable to everyone however recives government funding offering a reduced rate to the students.

Tenet Healthcare Scandal

Introduction Over the years, the healthcare industry has undergone through an exponential growth despite the tremendous market pressure. Tenet Healthcare Corporation is among the many organizations that the struggle for a position in the healthcare industry (Klaidman, 2010). However, this struggle has contributed to a series of legal and ethical scandals that have largely changed the reputation of the company. Based on theoretical and practical explanations, this paper seeks to critically analyze one of the most recent scandal involving doctors at Tenet Healthcare who carried out unnecessary heart surgeries on patients.An Overview of the Company This company was established in 1967 under the name National Medical Enterprises by three lawyers and headquartered in Los Angeles, California. In its early years, the business policy of the company was mainly focused on building and acquiring medical facilities and related services in order to address the growing medical demands in the new m arket. In the late 1980s, the company diversified into specialty hospitals such as building nursing homes, and rehabilitation centers among other developments (Klaidman, 2010). Tenet Healthcare before the scandalFollowing a series of fraud and legal troubles, the company changed its name to Tenet Healthcare Corporation in 1994 whose headquarters is based in Dallas. Tenet Healthcare operates a number of hospitals and other healthcare facilities that are mandated to provide health care services to its customers. It is essential to mention the services provided by Tenet Healthcare are conducted through its subsidiaries (Klaidman, 2010). Tenet Healthcare Corporation owns and operates 69 acute-care hospitals, which provides services to urban communities in 13 states, in the United States.Some of the services provided by the company include acute care, respiratory therapy services, clinical laboratories, operating and recovery rooms, pharmacies and intensive care (California Nurse, 2002). The involvement of the company in recent legal and financial troubles has contributed to the falling of shares of Tenet Healthcare, from over $50 a share in 1994, to $8 a share today. The involvement of the company in a number of scandals contributed to the reduced profits in the 1990s. Nevertheless, a number of hanges in the management of the company following the appointment of Jeffry Barbakow as the chief executive in 1993 contributed to the recovery of the company (Klaidman, 2010). For six years, Tenet Healthcare Corporation tried to consolidate its position in the healthcare industry by buying hospitals around the country. This move contributed to the strong recovery that saw tenet healthcare redeeming itself from a $425million loss in 1994 to a $302 million profit in 2000 (Taylor, 2005). The Unnecessary Cardiac Procedures Scandal Individuals or firms who knew about, participated in or condoned the behavior.Several individuals were linked to the scandal and specifically the ph ysicians who were recruiting patients by paying them. This means that most of the employees and especially physicians knew about the scam. Moreover, Tenet had been performing poorly in terms of finances, and this has been noted to be one of the reasons that prompted the corporation to enter into corrupt deals. During the past decade, Tenet Health Care Corporation has faced scandals pertaining to legal and financial matters. Its image had been tarnished, and thus a number of its customers were compelled to seek medical services elsewhere.Moreover, it had influenced the number of uninsured citizens and reduced employer insurance cover. This gave rise to an excess number of individuals who were unable to cater for their medical services and hence resulted in a significant drop in Tenet’s market. The scandal erupted in October 2002 following allegations from hundreds of patients who believed that many of the heart operations done to patients at the Redding Hospital, in California were unnecessary. After a series of investigation, it was found that Dr. Chae Moon and his counterpart Dr.Fidel Realyvasquez had allegedly carried out a number of cardiac procedures that were neither necessary nor indicated in the reports of over 700 patients. How was the scandal uncovered and by whom The scandal was uncovered when one of the patients, John Corapi, a 55-year old priest visited Redding Medical Center in California for a medical checkup. After consultation with Dr. Moon, Corapi was told that he needed an emergency heart bypass surgery. However, Corapi was not satisfied with the recommendation made by the two doctors (Taylor, 2005).It was at this point that he decided to seek for more opinion from five cardiologists who gave him a different answer from the one given by the two doctors at tenet Healthcare Corporation’s Redding Medical Center. According to the cardiologists, Corapi did not require a heart surgery contrary to the opinion given by the doctors at th e Redding Medical Center. After reporting his case to the FBI, the federal authorities revealed that, hundreds of medical records of surgical patients did not support the need for surgery procedures (The Spark, 2002).Furthermore, when the scandal was uncovered, it was revealed that many patients had become victims of unnecessary cardiac surgeries that left them with complications. According to Klaidman (2010), many patients suffered from a myriad of complications including stroke, heart attack and paralysis. As a result, many of the patients who had undergone unnecessary surgery now require assisted living and 95 of the patients succumbed to death. For that reason, the plaintiffs sued Tenet Healthcare Corporation for fraud, negligence, battery and elder abuse, since most of the patients ranged between 65 to 90 years of age.Additionally, the estates of the 95 patients who died sued the company for wrongful deaths (The Spark, 2002). Once the scandal was discovered, the investigation o f FBI agent led by Michael Skeen invaded Tenet’s Redding Hospital that is based in California. The FBI found out that most of the patients who were required to undergo cardiac operations had not fully qualified. In light of this, a number of the patients’ hearts were in superb condition. After the FBI's probed, it carried further probing with an aim of authenticating the validity of the truth concerning the matter before taking further action.What did they do with the information they uncovered? The information gathered by the FBI was used to sue the physician allegedly associated with the scandal. Tenet as a corporation was not charged. It gave the California State together with the federal government over $50 million (Bejjani et al. , 2006). Additionally, Tenet Healthcare also paid an additional $395 million to over 700 patients in order to settle litigation for the unnecessary surgeries (Taylor, 2005). How did the company reactedThe need to change its image led to a number of reactions from the company. First, the company reacted by stating that, it was not involved in the scandal based on the point that, it was the doctors who were responsible for healthcare and not the hospital. In this case, it implied that only the patients implicated were under investigation and not the hospital (The Spark, 2002). It can be mentioned that, the company had nurtured a culture where fraud could easily be perpetrated without any serious actions being undertaken.Following this scandal, the affected patients received their compensation. On the other hand, the company decided to sell Redding Medical Center which was later renamed Shasta Regional Medical Center (California Nurse, 2002). Despite the fact that the scandal involving Tenet Healthcare Corporation did not preclude criminal or civil charges against individuals, the company agreed to pay the fine in order to settle the allegations poised in the unnecessary heart surgery scandal. This implies that there w as no civil trial in this case.According to Currier and Eimermann (2010), civil trial refers to a court of law proceedings where the judge makes a deliberation about who wins. In this case, the judge examines the evidence provided in order to make a decision on whether the defendant should be held legally responsible for the allegations put forward by the plaintiff (s). Civil cases usually involve civilians and organizations. On the other hand, a criminal trial refers to a court of law proceeding that is intended to settle criminal cases.In this case, the government can sue a person on allegations of certain criminal activities. Additionally, the justice remains to be a principal aim of criminal trials, as opposed to civil trial, which usually seek to achieve a resolution to the dispute (Currier & Eimermann, 2010). With that said, there was no civil trial following the decision by the company to pay a fine to the government and the state of California and later an immense amount as compensation to the affected patients.Even though, this scandal was revealed in 2002, it is said that it had taken place since the early 1990s. Therefore, many people became victims of this scandal (Taylor, 2005). First, the main stakeholders were directly or indirectly affected by the allegations based on how it painted badly on the corporate image of the company. Additionally, over 700 patients and their families were subjected to emotional, psychological and financial problems. The huge charges for the heart surgery required patients to pay a lot of money in the form of medical bills (Klaidman, 2010).The shareholders were also affected because the share of the company dropped from $50 per share in 1994 to $8 in 2002. Lastly, the competitiveness and professional qualifications of the two doctors were also questioned thus making it difficult for them to secure employment in the future (The Spark, 2002). The case of Tenet Healthcare Corporation signifies the negative implications of scandals on the management of an organization. As mentioned earlier, the company has been burdened by financial and legal troubles due to its involvement in a number of fraud and scandals.In the end, the company suffered from the loss of public trust, investors’ confidence and dwindling financial performance. The future of the company depends on how it will use its past in order to redesign its present as the second largest company in the US healthcare industry. How much money did the plaintiffs receive, other agreements As mentioned, reimbursement was made available to the government, patients and their loved ones. Towards the end of 2004, Tenet agreed that it would pay the patients who had been victims of the unnecessary heart surgeries over $395 million. Do you feel it was fair?There have been many instances of corporations deciding to continue unsafe practice because they calculate that not all of the number of people injured will bring legal action. Furthermore, the peo ple who sue are not guaranteed a victory in court or can be settled out of court, for far less than a jury will award. With that said, no amount of money can bring the dead back. I think that the amount was not a fair one due to the fact that those doctors knew what they were doing. I do not agree with the reimbursement and I do not think the amount was fair because the families of the victims had to face a lot of pain.Some of the pain and suffering: Immediate expenses associated with the death (medical & funeral), mental anguish to the survivors, Companionship, Loss of care and Loss of earnings in the future. Background Tenet Healthcare formerly was named National Medical Enterprises, ranks as the second largest hospital chain in the United States. The organization owns about 114 acute care hospitals and related businesses in 16 states. Boasting with over 57, 000 active personnel and over 13, 000 certified hospital beds, Tenet Healthcare Company is a force in the United States†™ healthcare delivery industry.Awarding doctors with financial incentives as payment for their support has been ruled out under the state’s stark laws; however, the marketplace cites this as a necessary form of clinching and maintaining that support. Tenet’s hospitals stand accused of paying doctors for referring clients to them as a means of keeping their support. Illegal behavior The illegal behavior was its defrauding of its stakeholders who came to seek medical treatment (Wynne, 2008). The doctors admitted excessive numbers of patients being fully aware that their capacity was lower.The doctors were also aware of the poor conditions in the hospitals but still went ahead to admit patients. In what type of court was Tenet Healthcare tried? The Tenet Healthcare scandal trial took place at the Supreme Court of Appeal in St. Louis Indiana, (circuit court) (Browers, 2012 & The Federal Reporter. , 1997). All the trials including subsequent appeals took place in Court of Appeals, in St. Luis, Indiana; United State The case was forwarded to the superior court in San Diego under the presiding attorney, Carol C. Lam where Tenet subsidiaries were indicted, while Nazaryan’s case was filed in the U.S. District Court (Wynne, 2007). After the case broke out, The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) broke into one of Tenet’s hospitals in San Diego, the Alvarado Hospital, and charged its administrator of 10 years. The charges were brought against Tenet Healthcare In the original indictment, Tenet Healthcare was aptly accused of fraud that was inclusive of illegally admitting psychiatric patients to the institutes and hiking their charges (inflating the cost of admission and administration of medicine (Wynne, 2007). Provide key details about the trial and provide a timeline of key trial events.After the raiding of the Redding hospital by the FBI agents in October 2002, it was revealed that Tenet Healthcare Corporation performed inappropriate an d unnecessary surgeries on patients and also overbilled patients beyond the standard Medicare rates. As a result, a legal suit was initiated against the Corporations. The trial pitted Federal government of the United States versus Tenet Healthcare Corporations. As alleged by the government, the Corporations admitted patients who did not qualify for admission in rehab facilities.This took place between May 15 2005 and December 31 2007. Besides this inappropriate admission, they were charged with soliciting high Rehabilitation fees. This was the qui tam claim that allowed William Meshel and Man Tai to establish a legal suit against the Corporation on behalf of the Federal government. In May 2006, Tenet went to court to dismiss these claims. Did Tenet Healthcare enter into a plea bargaining agreement? If so, to what charges did he/she plead guilty? If not, what were the final charges? Did they differ from those in the original indictment?What was the verdict? After the government dismi ssed the claims of the appellant since they had zero impact on the pre-existing investigations of the government, an agreement bargain was reached with the government but the other suit remained pending. The other settlement between the government and Tenet Healthcare concerned 165 hospitals nationwide. A summary judgment was moved on April 2007, which included the appellant as the original source of the case. The summary judgment was made in favor of the Federal government.As a result, Tenet accepted to pay the fines of overbilling of Medicare within its facilities after pleading guilty to the charges. What was the sentence? Did you feel it was fair? Justify our position. Tenet Corporation was guilty of overbilling, but the appellant who established the suit were unqualified to do so on the terms of qui tam. This was simply because they did not possess independent and original knowledge of Tenet’s fraudulent activities and practices in Medicare. Consequently, Tenet had under taken the responsibility of reparations of damages to both the government and its patients.This sentence was not fair. Tenet had more liabilities on top of Medicare overbilling. A large number of its patients died due to unnecessary surgeries and rehabilitations. The appellant, acting in the public interest, had the right to make their case heard for justice to be done, something which the district court denied and dismissed. Did they differ from those in the original indictment? What was the verdict? They did not differ much from the original indictment in that they were the same issues that were evidenced in the first indictment; overbilling and malpractice.The verdict was arrived at after Tenet pleaded guilty of overbilling its Medicare and admitting stable patients into the rehabilitation facilities. Tenet Healthcare Corporation was, therefore, found guilty of overbilling its medical services. It was also found that the qui tam of the two appellants was not tenable due to the fa ct that they were not the primary source of such information. The information was already in the public domain when they moved to court. Did Tenet Healthcare appeal? If so, on what grounds did he/she base the appeal?Tenet Healthcare corporations did not appeal in this case since it had passed a compromise with the government to pay the fines, an action that was supposed to redeem the image of the health care sector and to serve justice to the victims. Did Tenet Healthcare have mens rea and actus Reus? Justify your position Yes. This is because they had agreed to settle the fine, which is a sign of accepting that their activities were not acceptable and went against the law. They, therefore, accepted the liability of their ‘profit-driven actions.The general basis for imposing liability in criminal law is that the defendant must be proved to have committed a guilty act whilst having had a guilty state of mind. The physical elements are collectively called the actus Reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea. Moreover, it is the fundamental duty of the prosecution to prove both of these elements of the offense to the satisfaction of the judge or jury beyond reasonable doubt. In the absence of such proof, the defendant will be acquitted.According to Cheeseman (2010) actus Reus is guilty act, which is the actual performance of a criminal act and mens rea is evil intent the possession of the requisite state of mind to commit a prohibited act. What constitutional protections do your subjects have? Equal protection and right to appeal for the accused and plaintiff, by the case brought against either party (Mann, 2008). The Tenet criminal trial encompasses several cases and conspiracies charged against the Tenet Healthcare Corporation. References Brown, G. (2012). The trait & style approach to leadership. Houston Chronicle.Retrievedfrom http://smallbusiness. chron. com/trait-style-approach-leadership-21103. html Cashen, L. H. (2009). 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Coronary: A True Story of Medicine Gone Awry. New York: Simon &Schuster publ ishers. Taylor M. , (2005). Tenet settles Redding case. Modern Healthcare, 21, 35(47):20. The Spark (2002). Tenet Healthcare scandal: Part of a health care system that kills forprofits. Retrieved on 12 September 2012 from: http://the-spark. net/np692605. html. California Nurse, (2002).Tenet Healthcare: the seamy side of a dysfunctional system. California Nurse, 98(8):6-8. Currier, K. A. , & Eimermann, T. E. , (2010). Introduction to paralegal studies: a criticalthinking approach. New York: Aspen Publishers. Klaidman, S. (2010). Coronary: A True Story of Medicine Gone Awry. New York: Simon &Schuster publishers. Taylor M. , (2005). Tenet settles Redding case. Modern Healthcare, 21, 35(47):20. The Spark (2002). Tenet Healthcare scandal: Part of a health care system that kills for profits. Retrieved on 12 September 2012 from: http://the-spark. net/np692605. html.