Defilement: Human Sexual Behavior and Child

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY BACCALAUREUS LEGUM LLB LPR 205 JUDICIAL bond cross PRESENTED IN FULFILMENT OF diverge OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENTS TITLE OF REPORT memorizeer NAME MUTITU EVELYNE . W. STUDENT REGISTRATION No L95S/7061/2009 WORD COUNT 4480 - DATE OF SUBMITTING REPORT - THURSDAY, 29TH SEPTEMBER 2011 - -I am awargon of academic rules on plagiarism and state that the work covered by this report is my have got and does non subdue some(prenominal)(prenominal) unacknowledged work from opposite sources. - PRINT NAME MUTITU EVELYNE . W. - SIGNATURE - control panel OF CONTENTS 1. 0 ABST feat 1. 1 Objectives 1. 2 Method 2. 0 INTRODUCTION 3. 0 BODY 3. 1 Definition of contamination 3. 2 Background of contamination in Kenya 3. 3 Statistics on contamination in Kenya 3. 4 Perpetrators of revile custodyt in Kenya. 3. come along of defile custodyt victims in Kenya 3. 6 achievable explanations as to wherefore pollution is on the rise 3. 6. 1 Gender contrast and patriarchal no nions 3. 6. 2 Cultural pr sufficeises 3. 6. 3 penury 3. 6. 4 Cultural and friendly stereo guinea pigs 3. 6. 5 Failed institutions 3. 7 Laws governing the criminal quest of inner hysteria against baberen 3. 7. 1 The constitution 3. 7. 2 cozy offences act, 2006 3. 7. 3 The barbarianrens act 3. 7. 4 The criminal office code 3. 7. 5 The employment act 3. 8 Ch ei in that respectnges for judgeing redress in devolve onu al championy assaulted sisterren 3. 8. 1 Slow discriminatory system . 8. 2 P3 and PRC blueprint 3. 8. 3 Poor investigation and quest 3. 8. 4 Conflicting medical reports 3. 8. 5 Cultural and affable stigma in reporting baptisterys 3. 8. 6 Ignorance of the human race 3. 8. 7 Gender desks 4. 0 CONCLUSION 4. 1 Possible avenues of dealings with defilement 4. 1. 1 Applying the stirity provisions in the unused constitution 4. 1. 2 Civic development 4. 1. 3 Advanced technology in collecting separate 4. 1. 4 enactment to curb hea indeed dresss encouragin g defilement 4. 1. 5 Special desks in law of nature force stations for knowledgeablely assaulted victims 4. . 6 Homes for mistreat boorren 4. 1. 7 The sexual practiceual offences act 4. 2 In summery 4. 3 acknowledgement 4. 4 Recommendation 5. 0 References 5. 1 Statutes 5. 2 a nonher(prenominal) sources befoulment MENACES A FREQUENT GUEST IN THE CORRIDORS OF legal expert 1. 0 ABSTRACT 1. 1 target bea The objective of this query was to find turn up why the number of defilement cases is change magnitude daily yet or so of the other crimes be decreasing. It is besides meant to find protrude if the judiciary is doing enough to curb this social monstrous and if has played any utilization in its rise. 1. 2 METHODI spent twain months at Limuru up ripeness courtyard and I listened to numerous defilement trials. I held several discussions with the Magistrate and churlren officers and consulted numerous researches do on the same. 2. 0 INTRODUCTION under the SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT (2006) a soul who defiles a electric shaver eldd cardinal years or below sh only told upon confidence be sentenced to imprisonment for tone if the child is sequenced between 12 and 15 years, the term of imprisonment sh both non teeny-weeny than 20years and if the child is between 16-18 years one-time(a), the polluter faces a term of no little than 15 years behind bars.These argon penalties that unmatched would trust would s mete proscribed the marbles extinct of any soulfulness who is at least of flat coatably sound soul from conceiving the slightest idea of defiling a minor in Kenya, besides judging from the rampant cases of defilement this is not so. The make-up of the confederation is that a p atomic number 18nt gives birth to a child and natures it, teaching it to grow into a responsible hu spellhood be. The instructor then binds up the business of nurturing when the child is to the luxuriouslyest degree quartet years of fester imp acting knowledge on the child.The church impacts moral values on the child and the rest of the clubhouse moulds this child in preparation for greater responsibilities in the future. A child is a jeopardise member of society as they dismiss b arly survive on their own. The society is bitdated with the responsibleness of hold dearing the child only when it has abandoned that responsibility and correct those ne better to these children argon hurting them. Ab break through one in e solid five account crimes around Limuru area was a sexual offence and closely of them organism defilement cases.This disturbing operation has not besides affected the lady friend child tranquillise point the boy child is no longer safe. The shocking revelation is that half of the defilement cases are by a relative followed by Close family friends, teachers and real few cod strangers involved. Most of the children are mar at their homes, at a relatives house, on their manner to school or to the shop. The home which was a safe heaven for e truly(prenominal) child is no longer safe and neither are the schools where these children spend the better position of their twenty-four hours.Several questions linger in the hear as one tries to figure out why Kenyan society has plain turned this way. Was this evil ever-present un slight erect not inform in the way it is to twenty-four hour period? Is it a sad reality recently revealed, or a growing red-brick menace? Does it amount from ignorance, perversity, or just plain evil? Are these the tell-tale signs of the last days as described in the Book of Revelations as al approximately(prenominal) would redeem it, or are they just illustrations of a decaying society? And how do we stop this abomination?One does not deliver to be a good Christian to confide a millstone allow for be cast astir(predicate) the neck of each and any culprit before they are thrown into the wet. uncomplete does one have to be a re actionary to study that the development of our modern society has had a role to play. both way, this appalling issue has to be desperately addressed. 3. 0 BODY 3. 1 DEFINATION OF DEFILMENT Oxford vocabulary to dam get on the purity or the style of nearlything. internal Offences Act S. 8 a psyche who commits an act which causes penetration with a child. . 2 BACKGROUND OF SEXUAL abandon IN KENYA The Afri faecal matter man has unceasingly been viewed as superior to the char. Most of the Afri bunghole cultures portray the man as a superior universeness who should be obeyed without question. On the other hand the woman is assorted as a wormy zoology availed for the pleasure of men. This is aptly demonstrated in closely of the Kenyan cultures. For modelling, the kikuyu culture calls the man mundu murume the word murume is derived from the word urume which operator super cour durationous.In contrast, the woman is known as mutumia which is derived from the word tumia whic h means use. This is a major(ip) cause why the kikuyu man not only considers himself as the dominant sex but in any case sees a woman simply as a watercraft for his use (Kariuki 2004). Most cultures portray the missfriend child as an investment and commonly when her time to get matrimonial comes what matters is the bride value they im sort receive. Often when a girl is getting married her parents ordain purport her to obey her husband and take make out of him lest he depart demand okay the bride price (Davison 1989).The boy child on the other hand is brought up being taught that it is weakness for a man to return to emotion as it makes you give care a woman. And as more or less men age, they learn to cancel out or recall erotic sensations that are not specifically linked to what they think a real man is to look (Stoltenberg 198933). The boys are raised(a) up learning that a man gives instructions that should be followed without question and even couple of Kenyan c ommunities have further chastising of women. Being a man is thrifty done violence and sex capability.So, when masculinity is associated with aggression and sex conquest ,domineering sexual behavior and violence become not only a means of structuring government agency dealing between men and women , but a resembling(p)wise a way of establishing power relations among men (Heise 1995). In Kenya, it reaches its most extreme expression possibly among the Gusii, for which LeVine (1959) wrote that all sexual communication was played as rape with women even in jointure expected to resist 3. 3 STATISTICS ON DEFILEMENT IN KENYA * In 1991- in a mixed boys school, boys invaded girls dormitory and assail 70 girls hunting to 19 deaths. 2 May 1992, 15 girls were raped at Hawinga Girls, Nyanza province. * A joint report by TSC and a non-profitable organization revealed that 12660 students were sexually abused by their male teachers from 2003-2007. Out of all these only 633 teachers were stir upd with sexual abuse. * In 2010 much than coulomb0 teachers were fired for sexually abusing girls. * In a standard newsprint article published on 09/02/2010 there was a story of a teacher who impair a deaf girl getting her pregnant. * In 2004, 140 cases of students being vitiate by teachers were reported, in 2008, 100 cases were reported and in 2009, 122 cases were reported. Out of e really 100 rape cases handled by constabulary, child rights groups, and selected infirmarys, 40 were perpetrate by fathers consort to the study conducted by the Chambers of legal expert * Police statistics showed that rape and defilement were the most prevalent crimes in 2010 even as other offences reduced by 5%. * Out of 57826 crimes reported in 2010, 785 were rapes and 2660 were defilements. In 2009 729 were rapes and 2242 were defilements. * A report given by the media in 2005 showed the following results MONTH fuck up DEFILEMENT July 33 51 dreadful 10 22September 3 28 October 0 1 5 November 7 18 declination 6 27 TOTAL 59 161 * 42 cases of sodomy were similarly reported between July and December of 2005. 3. 4 PERPETRATORS Several researches have shown that fathers are the greatest culprits out of 100 reported cases 40 are by fathers. another(prenominal) family members, neighbors, teachers and gangs are also topping the list. A research paper titled, A media reportage on sexual violence and its consequence on educational leadership carried out by J. wanjiku Khamasi & Wanjiru Muita showed the following results.OFFENDER visibleness BY NUMBER OF INCIDENCES REPORTED In R v MICHINO NJOROGE, LIMURU SPM, CR 69 OF 2011, 08/06/2011. The impeach person was a full cousin to the victim. In R v GODFREY MUGENDI NYAGAH. LIMURU SPM, CR 926 0F 2011, 27/06/2011, the impeach was a neighbour. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO. LIMURU SPM, CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011, the accused was a cousin to the victim and he even impregnated her forcing her to ensure an abortion as she ha d a centerfield problem which couldnt allow her to h obsolete in the pregnancy at her age. In R v MOSES WAFULA.LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011,28/07/2011 The accused was a father to the victim. These are just a few examples of the more defilement cases in Limuru carried out by either a family member or a neighbour. 3. 5 AGE OF DEFILEMENT VICTIMS Defilers are personnel casualty for unripeneder girls every single day. In Limuru the victims were aged between 9 to 15 years. In R v ANTHONY NJIHIA WANGARI. LIMURU SPM CR 401 OF 2011 29/06/2011. The victim was a 9year old girl. In R v CHARLES KIEMO LIMURU SPM CR 1130 OF 2010, 18/07/2011. The victims were boys aged 12 and 14 years.In R v MOSES WAFULA. LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011. 28/07/2011, the victim was a 10 year old girl. Researches have shown that even one month old babies are being defiled. ( J. wanjiku Khamasi & Wanjiru Muita) in a research paper titled violence against women by Winnie . v. mitulla show that in 1996, 9 children of age 2 4 12 of age 5 7 10 of age 8 10 8 of age 11 13 and 6 of age 14 were defiled whereas in 1995, 7 children of age 2 4 13 of age 5 7 22 of age 8 10 7 of 11 13 and 10 of 14 16 were defiled. hese whitethorn not be the exact numbers but they key a vague picture of how children are suffering in the hands of defilers. 3. 6 POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS OF WHY DEFILEMENT IS ON THE RISE 3. 6. 1 GENDER divergence AND PATRIACAL NOTIONS The Kenyan society has been natured in a way suggesting that the man is superior eyepatch the woman is inferior and is meant to be submissive to the man. As a result most women lack the ability to protect their children from their scurrilous husbands. virtually even leave their matrimonial homes due to the degree of suffering inflicted by their husbands leave behind their children.I was meter reading a blog ion the internet where a girl narrates her ordeal after her grow left due to constant crush by her father. As the world-class natural she assumed he r draws duties which include having sex with her father who forced her to tract a bed with him. In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The accused person actually threatened to obliterate the victim, who was his daughter, and her mother if he was sent to jail. The mother to the accused was quoted formulateing that his son was the man of the house and his wife had no right to question his actions 3. 6. CULTURAL PRACTISES Some of the cultural practises in Kenya have done more harm than good to the Kenyan child. An example is the Samburu alliance which practises a cultural practise known as beading. They justify this practise claiming it resists promiscuity when instead it encourages incest. Beading means that a girl as young as 9 years old is engaged to a relative whatsoever clock as old as her gramps by use of traditional attires popularly referred to as beads. During the engagement, the admirer places a exceptional necklace around the girls neck to signify he has officially booked the young one.He follows this by bringing beads in large quantities which are also dictate in girls neck as a sign of official commencement of intimate relationship though it does not lead to marriage as the two are related. The couple is allowed to have sexual talk but pregnancy is mettlesomely forbidden. Incas it does happen, it has to be terminated immediately despite the high risks involved. Early marriage which has been a wide practised culture is also defilement in its own sense because girls as young as 5years are forcefully married to older men.In a research paper authorize gender, sexuality, and human immunodeficiency virus a girl from Amhara Ethiopia is quoted saying that, she hates wee marriages as she was married off at five years and first had sex at 9 years. She says that her in-laws forced her to catnap with her husband who made her suffer all night and after that night whenever day became night she was worried that she would go through the same ordeal. In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The victim bit giving her evidence tried to crawl in her statement that her father had defiled her.On realising this, the prosecutor informed the magistrate and when they carried out an interrogatory it came to their attention that the victim and the mother had been threatened by the accuseds mother. When we were in chambers the magistrate told us that in some customs fathers have sexual intercourse with their daughters as a way of appreciating themselves for face lift them up. It sounds so absurd but its actually happening. 3. 6. 3 POVERTY Poverty in Kenya has become a reason for every social evil. Children have to fancy for casual work in wander to assist their parents in meeting prefatorial subscribe tofully.Incidences where a student was defiled piece cleaning or fetching water for their teachers are very common. Aside from that some children are defiled and their defilers offer stipend to their parents who quickly take their cash centering on their economic problems. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO, LIMURU SPM CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011. The accused was the victims cousin and he actually impregnated her. The father of the accused offered to compensate but luckily the victims mother in this case refused to accept it.However very many defilement cases go unreported as parents prefer to take the money leaving this social evil unpunished. Powerful men in the society also defile young girls and go unpunished as they are able to bribe the police and magistrates earning their exemption. This encourages batch with power and money to take advantage of children as they know they can easily get away with it. 3. 6. 4 CULTURAL& SOCIAL STEREOTYPES According to the liberation Oxford Dictionary, a stereotype is a person or thing seeming to correct to a heavily accepted type.Sex-role stereotypes have also been defined as the rigidly held and oversimplified beliefs that MAL ES & FEMALES possess distinct (and similar) mental traits and characteristics. Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to hook up with and have children. She is also to put her familys well-being before her own be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and likable and find time to be erotic and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the financial provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused hold his emotions in take in and always initiate sex.Owing to the scene that men should be breadwinners in the family, men turn to aggression in an exploit to suppress their status and continue despotic their wives or their close female relations when they perceive an economic rise by them. This means that the woman remains drug-addicted on the man and condones his violent acts. This affects the children as they have no one to protect them as their mothers are week. Most of these girls believe they should be submissiv e and end up not even telling anyone their ordeal.Which is why some cases exit go unexplored unless the girl gets pregnant or contracts a disease. The woman is meant to keep herself for her husband and society views a lady who is not a virgin as lose. The value link up to female chastity is so high that even where a woman is a survivor of sexual abuse, the typical community response is to isolate and stigmatise her. The disconcert and stigma attached to sexual violence, and the indulgent penalties meted out on offenders in nut and traditional discriminatory systems, silences survivors. 3. 6. 5 FAILED INSTITUTIONSThe break apart of the rule of law in remainder situations encourages sexual crimes on a great scale. The difference between the protector and the perpetrator is not clear anymore. The perpetrators and perpetuators of sexual violence in conflict and non-conflict settings are categorize into three groups. First the disciplined forces e. g. the police, soldiers et. al. secondly family members and the community and thirdly the structures and institutions of aegis (the government and its organs, UN, AU, and other humanitarian organisations).It is a good deal difficult to tackle impunity for sexual crimes committed during conflict because perpetrators and perpetuators often take up powerful positions in post-conflict governments. This gives them an avenue to confine their victims. The UN and similar institutions refuse to take responsibility for these crimes. Their correction policy often entails send on offenders together with reports on them to their respective countries judicial systems. This practise takes away any hope of justice for the survivors.This is very evident in Kenya as very many children were defiled during the 2007-2008 post-election violence and 4 years set down the line no justice has been granted. We are only hoping that the ICC can give the survivors some slumber of mind but we all know that, that is still miles away f rom happening. 3. 7 LAWS GOVERNING THE PROSECUTION OF SEXUAL craze AGAINST CHILDREN 3. 7. 1 The Constitution of Kenya the bill of rights S. 53(1) (d) states that every child has a right to be protected from abuse, default, harmful cultural Practises, all forms of violence, atrocious treatment and punishment and equivocal or exploitive labour. . 7. 2 Sexual Offences Act, 2006 defilement of a child * of age(p) 11 years or less- life imprisonment. * Aged between 12-15 years- not less than 20years. * Aged between 16- 18 years- not less than 15 years 3. 7. 3 The Childrens Act, 2001 S. 13(1) provides that a child is entitled to protection from material and psychological abuse, neglect and any other form of victimization including sale, trafficking or abduction by any person. 3. 7. 4 The Criminal Procedure Code, cap 75 of the laws of Kenya S. 186 3. 7. 5 The Employment Act, 2007 S. 6 3. CHALLENGES FOR quest REDRESS IN sexually ASSAULTED CHILDREN 3. 8. 1 SLOW JUDICIAL SYSTEM It bec omes very frustrating for the complainant, the children, and those filing the suit on behalf of the children when a matter takes over two years to be resolved. The prosecution tends to seek endless adjournments for various reasons to wit, lack of police file, witness not being in court, absence of the doctor or the analyse officer amongst other things. Courts are suppose to be liberators but instead they have become instruments of subjugation. 3. 8. 2 P3 AND PRC pretendDefilement victims are required to acquire a P3 form after being examined at a government hospital further the P3 form is not detail and is inadequate to fill. The PRC form was introduced during the field reproductive health strategy 2009-2012 it was meant to knock back the P3 form but some doctors have said its too dilate and it feels like a research tool, whereas the P3 discrepancy is very basic as it catches the physical state and any injuries to the genitalia, with special graphic symbol to the labia ma jora, labia minora, vagina, cervix and also notes presence of resign or venereal diseases.The P3 form is suppositious to be given free of charge but in some hospitals in rural areas it is sold at ksh. 1500 which they say is the doctors fee to go and testify in court and this makes some citizenry prefer to spend that money on other basic needs rather than on a document. 3. 8. 3 POOR INVESTIGATIONS AND PROSECUTIONS Police prosecutors have little knowledge on the essentials of evidence. This makes their prosecution very poor and the experienced advocates have a very easy time defeating the prosecution case. The police also tend to grope exhibits and there are endless incidences of scatty police files. at that place is also a lot of corruption within the police circles especially if the accused person is potent or one of them. 3. 8. 4 contrasted MEDICAL REPORTS When the victim is defiled they go hospital for first aid, they are then sent to a government hospital for the P3 form to be filled. In most cases the doctor who treat the victim and the one who fills the P3 form give conflicting reports position reasonable discredit in the prosecution case. 3. 8. 5 CULTURAL AND SOCIAL scrape IN REPORTING CASES In most Kenyan cultures topics on sex are still discussed in hushed tones.The wideness of a girl being married as a virgin is still over emphasized. This means that a defiled child is unclean and is and then stigmatised. In some cases the child is even blamed. Some parents silence their children as they believe if hoi polloi know no one volition want to splice them and if anyone does the bride price will be very little. This makes most people opt for other methods of conflict resolution. 3. 8. 6 IGNORANCE OF THE PUBLIC Despite the many sentience programs and campaigns carried out most Kenyans still have no idea of what they should do in the case of sexual violence.Most will not go to hospital as they do not know about(predicate) the 72 hours policy. Others will clean the defiled child and the clothes they were wearing hence demolishing evidence, do the police reluctant to censure due to lack of physical evidence. 3. 8. 7 GENDER DESKS Police have no skills on how to handle cases of sexual abuse. in that location are minimum resources to equip and recrudesce police officers on how to effectively suffice gender desks. 4. 0 CONCLUSION 4. 1 POSSIBLE AVENUES OF DEALING WITH DEFILEMENT 4. 1. 1 APPLYING THE EQUALITY PROVISIONS IN THE radical CONSTITUTION S. 9 entitles everyone to the right of freedom and security. Which includes the right not to be subjected to any form of violence from either state-supported or private sources. S. 53 every child has a right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour S. 27 states that everyone is adjoin before the law and have a right to equal protection and equal benefits under the law. These provisions emphasize that a child is as important as every other person and should be protected.If we emphasize these provisions then we will all take it upon ourselves to protect children from this inhuman practise. Each one of us will know we have a responsibility to protect the child. 4. 1. 2 CIVIL fostering We need to educate Kenyans that defilement is not the victims fault and that indispensableness measures need to be taken in the case of a child being defiled. they need to understand that it is in the best interest of the child to be taken to a hospital within the first 72 hours as it makes it possible to prevent some sexually transmitted infections.It also ensures that there is unquestionable evidence making prosecution easier. 4. 1. 3 ADVANCED engineering science IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE It may be definite that a child was defiled but at times it becomes hard to connect the accused person to that crime. Measures like DNA need to be incorporated in collectin g evidence in defilement cases. This is to ensure that the defense mechanism has very little avenues to create doubt as the burden of proof in criminal cases is very high. It will also add weight to the P3 form evidence. 4. 1. law TO CURB CULTURAL PRACTISES ENCOURAGING DEFILEMENT As earlier stated in this paper some of our cultures are the reason why we are still attempt with defilement in Kenya. Its about time parliament enacted laws that curb practises that break the rights of children exposing them to sexual violence and exploitation. The government has a responsibility to protect its citizens and children are part of that responsibility. Severe punishments should be set for parents who marry off their young daughters, those carrying out FGM, those practising things like beading among others.We are our culture however that does not justify inhuman practises that crush tomorrows generation. 4. 1. 5 additional DESKS IN POLICE STATIONS FOR SEXUALLY ASSAULTED VICTIMS The gover nment needs to train some officers to specifically deal with sexual assaulted victims. There should be a special desk for sexually assaulted victims where they will be abidanceed special care and advised on the measures they should take. They should also accord these victims protection from further abuse. 4. 1. 6 HOMES FOR handle CHILDRENChildren being abused in their own homes should be taken away by children officers and placed in homes. This way they will be protecting these children from more harm. They will also give these children counselling and hopefully these children can live a conventionalism life someday. 4. 1. 7 THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT I still feel like the life sentence is too lenient. A person who defiles a child as young as 3months old is not any better than a manslayer because a child this young has very few chances of a normal life after that ordeal. I strongly feel castration is a punishment that should be incorporated into the act.No disorder or any other exp lanation people have attempted to offer can justify this inhumanity and with the rate at which its raising people need to realise the seriousness of their actions. 4. 2 IN SUMMERY Defilement is an evil thats on the rise every day in this country. And its not just the girl child crying out but even the boy child is no longer safe. Children are Kenyas future and if we dont destroy this villain called defilement in a few years we will be having a generation of abused, angry and people craving for revenge.This will breed a generation of criminals which means we are destroying Kenyas tomorrow. So we all have a mandate to stop this evil. I hope by the time i am admitted into the bar I will not experience what I saw during my judicial attachment. 4. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the school for the chance and strengthener through my judicial attachment. I would also like to thank madam Ireri, Limuru occupant magistrate, for her devoted support and all the Limuru court staff in g eneral. 4. 4 testimonyI recommend this this report to NGOs dealing with sexual violence and children rights, Legal scholars and the public in general. 5. 0 REFERENCES 5. 1 STATUTES 1. The Sexual Offences Act,2006 2. The Children Act 3. The Constitution 2010 4. ANPPCAN Kenya chapter. 5. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. 6. Limuru Law Courts Case Law 5. 2 OTHER SOURCES 1. J. Wanjiku Khamasi & Wairimu Muita. (1991). WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION. Media reportage of Sexual Violence and its Implications on educational Leadership. retrieved August 08,2011, from www. kaeam. r. ke/e-journal/articles/vol1/wanjikufulltext. pdf 2. Kenya country profile. (April 2009). Retrieved August 08, 2010, from www. cartercenter. org/peace/human_rights/defenders/ /kenya. html 3. Sasha Hart. (August 9 2011). Police (in)action as an access to justice barrier for defilement victims. Retrieved august 12, 2011, from www. blogs. mcgill. ca/humanrightsinterns/2011/08/09/police-inaction-as-an-access-to-ju stice-barrier-for-defilement-victims/ 4. Christine Kungu. (January, 24 2011). one hundred sixty Girls University of Toronto, IHRP Panel Presentation.Retrieved August 12 2011 from, www. theequalityeffects. org/pdfs/clx%20girls. pdf 5. Standard team. (June 1 2005). Shocking statistics on fathers defiling daughters. Retrieved August 13 2011 from, www. groups. yahoo. com/group/MahdiUnite/ substance/7472 6. Winnie V. Mitullah. (July 1997). violence against women. Retrieved August 15 2011 from,www. ieakenya. or. ke/documents/ pen%20Women%20in%20Kenya. pdf 7. Gender sensitivity. (February 2000). Retrieved on August 17 2011 from, www. unesco. org/education/mebam/module_5. pdf